ARTBASE (1)
PORTFOLIO (3)
BIO
Marc Garrett is co-director and co-founder, with artist Ruth Catlow of the Internet arts collectives and communities – Furtherfield.org, Furthernoise.org, Netbehaviour.org, also co-founder and co-curator/director of the gallery space formerly known as 'HTTP Gallery' now called the Furtherfield Gallery in London (Finsbury Park), UK. Co-curating various contemporary Media Arts exhibitions, projects nationally and internationally. Co-editor of 'Artists Re:Thinking Games' with Ruth Catlow and Corrado Morgana 2010. Hosted Furtherfield's critically acclaimed weekly broadcast on UK's Resonance FM Radio, a series of hour long live interviews with people working at the edge of contemporary practices in art, technology & social change. Currently doing an Art history Phd at the University of London, Birkbeck College.
Net artist, media artist, curator, writer, street artist, activist, educationalist and musician. Emerging in the late 80′s from the streets exploring creativity via agit-art tactics. Using unofficial, experimental platforms such as the streets, pirate radio such as the locally popular ‘Savage Yet Tender’ alternative broadcasting 1980′s group, net broadcasts, BBS systems, performance, intervention, events, pamphlets, warehouses and gallery spaces. In the early nineties, was co-sysop (systems operator) with Heath Bunting on Cybercafe BBS with Irational.org.
Our mission is to co-create extraordinary art that connects with contemporary audiences providing innovative, engaging and inclusive digital and physical spaces for appreciating and participating in practices in art, technology and social change. As well as finding alternative ways around already dominating hegemonies, thus claiming for ourselves and our peer networks a culturally aware and critical dialogue beyond traditional hierarchical behaviours. Influenced by situationist theory, fluxus, free and open source culture, and processes of self-education and peer learning, in an art, activist and community context.
Net artist, media artist, curator, writer, street artist, activist, educationalist and musician. Emerging in the late 80′s from the streets exploring creativity via agit-art tactics. Using unofficial, experimental platforms such as the streets, pirate radio such as the locally popular ‘Savage Yet Tender’ alternative broadcasting 1980′s group, net broadcasts, BBS systems, performance, intervention, events, pamphlets, warehouses and gallery spaces. In the early nineties, was co-sysop (systems operator) with Heath Bunting on Cybercafe BBS with Irational.org.
Our mission is to co-create extraordinary art that connects with contemporary audiences providing innovative, engaging and inclusive digital and physical spaces for appreciating and participating in practices in art, technology and social change. As well as finding alternative ways around already dominating hegemonies, thus claiming for ourselves and our peer networks a culturally aware and critical dialogue beyond traditional hierarchical behaviours. Influenced by situationist theory, fluxus, free and open source culture, and processes of self-education and peer learning, in an art, activist and community context.
Have a break from Nestle
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Friday December 20, 2002
The Guardian
It is a sad fact that Nestle (Nestle claims
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Friday December 20, 2002
The Guardian
It is a sad fact that Nestle (Nestle claims
An editing job for the ages
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BlankAn editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the Iraqis
As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "editing" th=
e administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their weapons=
of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans claim, of co=
urse, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instructions before =
passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Security Counc=
il. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised was a record =
of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities.
Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following message on to=
me:
"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily), here is a =
list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Iraq with nucl=
ear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 1991. The list =
comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security Council.
http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233
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<DIV><STRONG>An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the
Iraqis</STRONG><BR><BR>
<P>As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "editing"=
the
administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their weapons o=
f
mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans claim, of course=
,
that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instructions before passin=
g it
on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Security Council. Others =
have
suggested that part of what was being excised was a record of the corporati=
ons
that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities. </P>
<P>Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following message on=
to
me: </P>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily),=
here is a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Ir=
aq
with nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 1991=
. The
list comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security Coun=
cil.
<BR><BR><A
href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233"=
>http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233</A></BLOC=
KQUOTE></DIV>
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BlankAn editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the Iraqis
As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "editing" th=
e administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their weapons=
of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans claim, of co=
urse, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instructions before =
passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Security Counc=
il. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised was a record =
of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities.
Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following message on to=
me:
"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily), here is a =
list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Iraq with nucl=
ear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 1991. The list =
comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security Council.
http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233
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2"><BASE
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<DIV><STRONG>An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the
Iraqis</STRONG><BR><BR>
<P>As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "editing"=
the
administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their weapons o=
f
mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans claim, of course=
,
that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instructions before passin=
g it
on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Security Council. Others =
have
suggested that part of what was being excised was a record of the corporati=
ons
that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities. </P>
<P>Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following message on=
to
me: </P>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily),=
here is a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Ir=
aq
with nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 1991=
. The
list comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security Coun=
cil.
<BR><BR><A
href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233"=
>http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233</A></BLOC=
KQUOTE></DIV>
<P> </P></BODY></HTML>
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Re: An editing job for the ages
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BlankHi Wally,
Are you glad that there is a war happening? Cuz death is what's going to ha=
ppen, justify that...
marc
"An editing job for the ages..." What a fantastic bit of bloated hyperbo=
le -- makes for great National Inquirer tabloid propaganda.
And, wow, a historian friend who breathlessly claims it will be published=
tomorrow -- but for those who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP report o=
f December 18 last which reports the issue as a known story line.
----- Original Message -----
From: marc.garrett
To: list@rhizome.org
Sent: Friday, December 20, 2002 1:45 PM
Subject: RHIZOME_RAW: An editing job for the ages
An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the Iraqis
As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "editing=
" the administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their wea=
pons of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans claim, o=
f course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instructions bef=
ore passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Security C=
ouncil. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised was a rec=
ord of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities.=
Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following message o=
n to me:
"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily), here i=
s a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Iraq with =
nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 1991. The l=
ist comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security Council=
.
http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233
Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program
By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, most in Europe, the United =
States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Saddam Hussein neede=
d to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996 accounting of its nucle=
ar program.
The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtually ide=
ntical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, according to U.N.=
officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent nuclear know-h=
ow from falling into the wrong hands and also to protect the names of compa=
nies that wittingly or unwittingly supplied Iraq with the means to make nuc=
lear weapons.
U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the only diff=
erence between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-page section in=
Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly larger typeface that st=
retches it to 2,100 pages.
That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and some of the=
m have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up to the most=
exhaustive list so far of companies involved.
Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by more than 3=
0 German companies, 10 American companies, 11 British companies and a handf=
ul of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedish and Brazilian firms. It say=
s more than 30 countries supplied its nuclear program.
It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War and con=
tains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment, detonation, i=
mplosion testing and warhead construction.
In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September 1990 - =
one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of recovered=
uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a complicated extr=
action and purification method that at full scale requires thousands of con=
nected, high speed centrifuges.
According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its former =
nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagnetic isotope separ=
ation as another method to enrich uranium, the key ingredient for an atomic=
explosion.
The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, said Gar=
y Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-based think ta=
nk on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any components or any kno=
wledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a matter of time."
Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq would h=
ave had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers who sold it=
an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with their governmen=
t's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpose. According to =
the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furnaces, which could be =
used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came from Consarc Corp. o=
f Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never delivered, however.
Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of optical fib=
er, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical equipment. B=
ut the company said it doesn't carry the model listed in the declaration.
EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier of a thy=
ratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipment. It cou=
ld not immediately verify the sale of the item.
Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors, but com=
pany spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to support the =
claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola's current portfolio=
."
Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge of gover=
nments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example, licensed $1.=
5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with potential military u=
ses. Iraq was then getting Western support for its war against Iran, which =
at the time was regarded as the main threat to stability in the oil-rich Gu=
lf region.
But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often obtained =
supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about the products' int=
ended use.
"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future to go to=
companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman for the U=
.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a lot of impor=
tant information, the companies can often give inspectors insight into the =
real extent of Iraq's programs.
Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to sales o=
r were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longer exist.
"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from getting in=
volved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really know the tr=
ue end-use of your products," said David Albright, an American nuclear expe=
rt and a weapons inspector in 1996.
According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German experts =
and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold the Iraqis old desi=
gns for centrifuges.
Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to render tec=
hnical assistance and consultations in various activities," Iraq wrote in i=
ts nuclear declaration.
In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of violating expo=
rt law and sentenced them to over two years in prison for working with Iraq.
German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's former w=
eapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily Die Tag.=
The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Preuss=
ag sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons programs.
The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said the del=
iveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto parts from D=
aimlerChrysler.
Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous U.N. in=
spections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. But reconna=
issance photos released by the Bush administration in October indicate the =
Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for nuclear development. =
A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq may have nuclear weapons by 201=
0.
Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importing alumin=
um tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bush administrati=
on said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuges for uranium enrich=
ment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes are of the proper siz=
e and material.
What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.
Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspicions "t=
hat Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspectors were o=
n the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declaration such a disa=
ppointment.
Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency, sa=
id last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 1996 report=
and covers "material we already had before."
A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 1996 declar=
ation and the 2002 version which was released last week by the United Natio=
ns finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but not in substance.
Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports since B=
aghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destruction since t=
he 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have contradicted that=
claim.
---
EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson, investiga=
tive researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspondent Melissa Eddy co=
ntributed to this report.
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<DIV>Hi Wally,</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Are you glad that there is a war happening? Cuz death is what's going =
to
happen, justify that...</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>marc</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LE=
FT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">"An editing job for the ages..." =
; What
a fantastic bit of bloated hyperbole -- makes for great National Inquirer=
tabloid propaganda.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">And, wow, a historian friend who
breathlessly claims it will be published tomorrow -- but for those w=
ho
can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP report of December 18 last which=
reports the issue as a known story line. </FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>F=
rom:</B>
<A title=marc.garrett@furtherfield.org
href="mailto:marc.garrett@furtherfield.org">marc.garrett</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=list@rhizome.org=
href="mailto:list@rhizome.org">list@rhizome.org</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Friday, December 20, 2002 =
1:45
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> RHIZOME_RAW: An editing=
job
for the ages</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the=
Iraqis</STRONG><BR><BR>
<P>As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "edit=
ing"
the administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their=
weapons of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans c=
laim,
of course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instruction=
s
before passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Sec=
urity
Council. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised was =
a
record of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD
capabilities. </P>
<P>Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following messag=
e on
to me: </P>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin dail=
y),
here is a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplie=
d
Iraq with nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prio=
r to
1991. The list comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the=
Security Council. <BR><BR><A
href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid==
233">http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233</A></=
BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><FONT
face="Times New Roman">
<H3>Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program</H3>
<P>By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
<P><BLOCK><!-- STRY: --><A
href="http://news.findlaw.com/ap_stories/images/12-17-2002/dv10312171=
1.html"></A> UNITED
NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, <STRONG>most in Europe</STRONG>, th=
e
United States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Saddam Hu=
ssein
needed to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996 accounting of =
its
nuclear program.</P>
<P>The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtually=
identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, according =
to
U.N. officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent nuclea=
r
know-how from falling into the wrong hands and <STRONG>also to protect =
the
names of companies that wittingly or unwittingly supplied Iraq</STRONG>=
with
the means to make nuclear weapons.</P>
<P>U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the only=
difference between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-page se=
ction
in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly larger typeface t=
hat
stretches it to 2,100 pages.</P>
<P>That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and some of =
them
have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up to the mo=
st
exhaustive list so far of companies involved.</P>
<P>Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by more tha=
n
<STRONG>30 German companies</STRONG>, 10 American companies, 11 British=
companies and a handful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedish an=
d
Brazilian firms. It says more than 30 countries supplied its nuclear
program.</P>
<P>It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War and=
contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment, detona=
tion,
implosion testing and warhead construction.</P>
<P>In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September 1990=
-
one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of recov=
ered
uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a complicated=
extraction and purification method that at full scale requires thousand=
s of
connected, high speed centrifuges.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its form=
er
nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagnetic isotope=
separation as another method to enrich uranium, the key ingredient for =
an
atomic explosion.</P>
<P>The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, said =
Gary
Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-based think =
tank
on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any components or any
knowledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a matter of
time."</P>
<P>Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq woul=
d
have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers who so=
ld it
an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with their
government's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpose.=
According to the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furnaces=
,
which could be used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came f=
rom
Consarc Corp. of Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never=
delivered, however.</P>
<P>Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of optical=
fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical equip=
ment.
But the company said it doesn't carry the model listed in the
declaration.</P>
<P>EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier of a=
thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipment.=
It
could not immediately verify the sale of the item.</P>
<P>Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors, but=
company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to suppo=
rt
the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola's current=
portfolio."</P>
<P>Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge of
governments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example, lic=
ensed
$1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with potential mil=
itary
uses. Iraq was then getting Western support for its war against Iran, w=
hich
at the time was regarded as the main threat to stability in the oil-ric=
h
Gulf region.</P>
<P>But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often obtain=
ed
supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about the products'=
intended use.</P>
<P>"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future to go=
to
companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman for th=
e
U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a lot of=
important information, the companies can often give inspectors insight =
into
the real extent of Iraq's programs.</P>
<P>Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to sale=
s or
were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longer exist=
.</P>
<P>"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from getting=
involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really know =
the
true end-use of your products," said David Albright, an American nuclea=
r
expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German exper=
ts
and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold the Iraqis =
old
designs for centrifuges.</P>
<P>Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to ren=
der
technical assistance and consultations in various activities," Iraq wro=
te in
its nuclear declaration.</P>
<P>In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of violati=
ng
export law and sentenced them to over two years in prison for working w=
ith
Iraq.</P>
<P>German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's forme=
r
weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily Die=
Tag.
The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Pre=
ussag
sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons programs.</P>
<P>The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said the=
deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto parts=
from
DaimlerChrysler.</P>
<P>Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous U.N.=
inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. But=
reconnaissance photos released by the Bush administration in October
indicate the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for nucl=
ear
development. A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq may have nucle=
ar
weapons by 2010.</P>
<P>Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importing alu=
minum
tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bush administrat=
ion
said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuges for uranium
enrichment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes are of the=
proper size and material.</P>
<P>What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.</P>
<P>Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspicions=
"that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspectors =
were
on the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declaration such a=
disappointment.</P>
<P>Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency,=
said
last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 1996 repor=
t and
covers "material we already had before."</P>
<P>A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 1996
declaration and the 2002 version which was released last week by the Un=
ited
Nations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but not in
substance.</P>
<P>Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports sinc=
e
Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destruction si=
nce
the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have contradicted=
that
claim.</P>
<P>---</P>
<P>EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson,
investigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspondent Me=
lissa
Eddy contributed to this report.</P></FONT>
<P><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </P></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY>=
</HTML>
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charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
BlankHi Wally,
Are you glad that there is a war happening? Cuz death is what's going to ha=
ppen, justify that...
marc
"An editing job for the ages..." What a fantastic bit of bloated hyperbo=
le -- makes for great National Inquirer tabloid propaganda.
And, wow, a historian friend who breathlessly claims it will be published=
tomorrow -- but for those who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP report o=
f December 18 last which reports the issue as a known story line.
----- Original Message -----
From: marc.garrett
To: list@rhizome.org
Sent: Friday, December 20, 2002 1:45 PM
Subject: RHIZOME_RAW: An editing job for the ages
An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the Iraqis
As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "editing=
" the administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their wea=
pons of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans claim, o=
f course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instructions bef=
ore passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Security C=
ouncil. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised was a rec=
ord of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities.=
Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following message o=
n to me:
"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily), here i=
s a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Iraq with =
nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 1991. The l=
ist comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security Council=
.
http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233
Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program
By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, most in Europe, the United =
States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Saddam Hussein neede=
d to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996 accounting of its nucle=
ar program.
The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtually ide=
ntical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, according to U.N.=
officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent nuclear know-h=
ow from falling into the wrong hands and also to protect the names of compa=
nies that wittingly or unwittingly supplied Iraq with the means to make nuc=
lear weapons.
U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the only diff=
erence between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-page section in=
Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly larger typeface that st=
retches it to 2,100 pages.
That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and some of the=
m have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up to the most=
exhaustive list so far of companies involved.
Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by more than 3=
0 German companies, 10 American companies, 11 British companies and a handf=
ul of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedish and Brazilian firms. It say=
s more than 30 countries supplied its nuclear program.
It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War and con=
tains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment, detonation, i=
mplosion testing and warhead construction.
In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September 1990 - =
one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of recovered=
uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a complicated extr=
action and purification method that at full scale requires thousands of con=
nected, high speed centrifuges.
According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its former =
nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagnetic isotope separ=
ation as another method to enrich uranium, the key ingredient for an atomic=
explosion.
The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, said Gar=
y Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-based think ta=
nk on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any components or any kno=
wledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a matter of time."
Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq would h=
ave had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers who sold it=
an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with their governmen=
t's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpose. According to =
the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furnaces, which could be =
used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came from Consarc Corp. o=
f Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never delivered, however.
Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of optical fib=
er, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical equipment. B=
ut the company said it doesn't carry the model listed in the declaration.
EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier of a thy=
ratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipment. It cou=
ld not immediately verify the sale of the item.
Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors, but com=
pany spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to support the =
claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola's current portfolio=
."
Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge of gover=
nments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example, licensed $1.=
5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with potential military u=
ses. Iraq was then getting Western support for its war against Iran, which =
at the time was regarded as the main threat to stability in the oil-rich Gu=
lf region.
But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often obtained =
supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about the products' int=
ended use.
"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future to go to=
companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman for the U=
.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a lot of impor=
tant information, the companies can often give inspectors insight into the =
real extent of Iraq's programs.
Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to sales o=
r were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longer exist.
"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from getting in=
volved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really know the tr=
ue end-use of your products," said David Albright, an American nuclear expe=
rt and a weapons inspector in 1996.
According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German experts =
and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold the Iraqis old desi=
gns for centrifuges.
Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to render tec=
hnical assistance and consultations in various activities," Iraq wrote in i=
ts nuclear declaration.
In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of violating expo=
rt law and sentenced them to over two years in prison for working with Iraq.
German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's former w=
eapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily Die Tag.=
The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Preuss=
ag sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons programs.
The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said the del=
iveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto parts from D=
aimlerChrysler.
Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous U.N. in=
spections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. But reconna=
issance photos released by the Bush administration in October indicate the =
Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for nuclear development. =
A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq may have nuclear weapons by 201=
0.
Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importing alumin=
um tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bush administrati=
on said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuges for uranium enrich=
ment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes are of the proper siz=
e and material.
What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.
Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspicions "t=
hat Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspectors were o=
n the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declaration such a disa=
ppointment.
Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency, sa=
id last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 1996 report=
and covers "material we already had before."
A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 1996 declar=
ation and the 2002 version which was released last week by the United Natio=
ns finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but not in substance.
Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports since B=
aghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destruction since t=
he 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have contradicted that=
claim.
---
EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson, investiga=
tive researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspondent Melissa Eddy co=
ntributed to this report.
------=_NextPart_001_0017_01C2A88F.6CDABF20
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<DIV>Hi Wally,</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Are you glad that there is a war happening? Cuz death is what's going =
to
happen, justify that...</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>marc</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LE=
FT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">"An editing job for the ages..." =
; What
a fantastic bit of bloated hyperbole -- makes for great National Inquirer=
tabloid propaganda.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">And, wow, a historian friend who
breathlessly claims it will be published tomorrow -- but for those w=
ho
can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP report of December 18 last which=
reports the issue as a known story line. </FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>F=
rom:</B>
<A title=marc.garrett@furtherfield.org
href="mailto:marc.garrett@furtherfield.org">marc.garrett</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=list@rhizome.org=
href="mailto:list@rhizome.org">list@rhizome.org</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Friday, December 20, 2002 =
1:45
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> RHIZOME_RAW: An editing=
job
for the ages</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the=
Iraqis</STRONG><BR><BR>
<P>As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "edit=
ing"
the administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their=
weapons of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans c=
laim,
of course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instruction=
s
before passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Sec=
urity
Council. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised was =
a
record of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD
capabilities. </P>
<P>Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following messag=
e on
to me: </P>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin dail=
y),
here is a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplie=
d
Iraq with nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prio=
r to
1991. The list comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the=
Security Council. <BR><BR><A
href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid==
233">http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233</A></=
BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><FONT
face="Times New Roman">
<H3>Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program</H3>
<P>By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
<P><BLOCK><!-- STRY: --><A
href="http://news.findlaw.com/ap_stories/images/12-17-2002/dv10312171=
1.html"></A> UNITED
NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, <STRONG>most in Europe</STRONG>, th=
e
United States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Saddam Hu=
ssein
needed to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996 accounting of =
its
nuclear program.</P>
<P>The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtually=
identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, according =
to
U.N. officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent nuclea=
r
know-how from falling into the wrong hands and <STRONG>also to protect =
the
names of companies that wittingly or unwittingly supplied Iraq</STRONG>=
with
the means to make nuclear weapons.</P>
<P>U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the only=
difference between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-page se=
ction
in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly larger typeface t=
hat
stretches it to 2,100 pages.</P>
<P>That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and some of =
them
have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up to the mo=
st
exhaustive list so far of companies involved.</P>
<P>Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by more tha=
n
<STRONG>30 German companies</STRONG>, 10 American companies, 11 British=
companies and a handful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedish an=
d
Brazilian firms. It says more than 30 countries supplied its nuclear
program.</P>
<P>It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War and=
contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment, detona=
tion,
implosion testing and warhead construction.</P>
<P>In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September 1990=
-
one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of recov=
ered
uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a complicated=
extraction and purification method that at full scale requires thousand=
s of
connected, high speed centrifuges.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its form=
er
nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagnetic isotope=
separation as another method to enrich uranium, the key ingredient for =
an
atomic explosion.</P>
<P>The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, said =
Gary
Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-based think =
tank
on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any components or any
knowledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a matter of
time."</P>
<P>Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq woul=
d
have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers who so=
ld it
an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with their
government's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpose.=
According to the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furnaces=
,
which could be used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came f=
rom
Consarc Corp. of Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never=
delivered, however.</P>
<P>Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of optical=
fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical equip=
ment.
But the company said it doesn't carry the model listed in the
declaration.</P>
<P>EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier of a=
thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipment.=
It
could not immediately verify the sale of the item.</P>
<P>Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors, but=
company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to suppo=
rt
the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola's current=
portfolio."</P>
<P>Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge of
governments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example, lic=
ensed
$1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with potential mil=
itary
uses. Iraq was then getting Western support for its war against Iran, w=
hich
at the time was regarded as the main threat to stability in the oil-ric=
h
Gulf region.</P>
<P>But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often obtain=
ed
supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about the products'=
intended use.</P>
<P>"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future to go=
to
companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman for th=
e
U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a lot of=
important information, the companies can often give inspectors insight =
into
the real extent of Iraq's programs.</P>
<P>Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to sale=
s or
were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longer exist=
.</P>
<P>"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from getting=
involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really know =
the
true end-use of your products," said David Albright, an American nuclea=
r
expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German exper=
ts
and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold the Iraqis =
old
designs for centrifuges.</P>
<P>Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to ren=
der
technical assistance and consultations in various activities," Iraq wro=
te in
its nuclear declaration.</P>
<P>In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of violati=
ng
export law and sentenced them to over two years in prison for working w=
ith
Iraq.</P>
<P>German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's forme=
r
weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily Die=
Tag.
The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Pre=
ussag
sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons programs.</P>
<P>The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said the=
deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto parts=
from
DaimlerChrysler.</P>
<P>Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous U.N.=
inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. But=
reconnaissance photos released by the Bush administration in October
indicate the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for nucl=
ear
development. A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq may have nucle=
ar
weapons by 2010.</P>
<P>Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importing alu=
minum
tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bush administrat=
ion
said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuges for uranium
enrichment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes are of the=
proper size and material.</P>
<P>What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.</P>
<P>Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspicions=
"that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspectors =
were
on the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declaration such a=
disappointment.</P>
<P>Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency,=
said
last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 1996 repor=
t and
covers "material we already had before."</P>
<P>A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 1996
declaration and the 2002 version which was released last week by the Un=
ited
Nations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but not in
substance.</P>
<P>Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports sinc=
e
Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destruction si=
nce
the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have contradicted=
that
claim.</P>
<P>---</P>
<P>EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson,
investigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspondent Me=
lissa
Eddy contributed to this report.</P></FONT>
<P><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </P></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY>=
</HTML>
------=_NextPart_001_0017_01C2A88F.6CDABF20--
Re: An editing job for the ages
------=_NextPart_001_0029_01C2A896.9B1E2500
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charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
BlankHi Wally,
Thanks for enlarging the text (extra big) to the scale equivalent of trying=
to shout genuine dissent down - you can feel proud.
Do you really think that war is just about the function of killing? No, oth=
er systems have to be put in place to create the right climate for physical=
action, an invasion of another culture. You must of realized that, that pr=
ocess started before 9-11 surely. I think you do, I also think that you do =
not care (personally) ...if you did, compassion would of won you over. Ther=
e is something that you are not being honest about.
stopping people declaring their views will not create a better planet to li=
ve on, stopping killing people might do. You say it is simplistic, you are =
very wrong. It is obvious, not simplistic (wrong words); I am interested in=
the governments of this shaky, muddy ball called earth, to do something ho=
norable for a change. And stop funding despots that come back to haunt them=
and the civilians of this world (don't you?), now that is simplistic, basi=
c in fact, even stupid, sounds screwy to me, and to a lot other people as w=
ell. Contrary to what the American government & the Uk's are government sho=
ving down everyone's throat.
It's soulless and you know it...
Hi Wally,
Are you glad that there is a war happening?
A ludicrous question, all too typical of shallowness. The answer is NO,=
I am not glad about it. In any event, I am unaware that it is happening. W=
hen did it start? I just checked the news, and as far as I can make out, i=
t is still in the "rattling sabres" stage.
Cuz death is what's going to happen, justify that...
The matter was not about justifying death. (And just for the record -- =
I am against capital punishment) The matter was your bloated and breathless=
propaganda. You might get better results for your concerns if you asserted=
your case without resorting to National Inquirer tabloid tactics.
"An editing job for the ages..." What a fantastic bit of bloated hyp=
erbole -- makes for great National Inquirer tabloid propaganda.
And, wow, a historian friend who breathlessly claims it will be publi=
shed tomorrow -- but for those who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP repo=
rt of December 18 last which reports the issue as a known story line.
----- Original Message -----
From: marc.garrett
An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the Iraqis
As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "edi=
ting" the administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their=
weapons of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans clai=
m, of course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instructions=
before passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Securi=
ty Council. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised was a=
record of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilit=
ies.
Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following messa=
ge on to me:
"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily), he=
re is a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Iraq w=
ith nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 1991. T=
he list comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security Cou=
ncil.
http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233
Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program
By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, most in Europe, the Uni=
ted States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Saddam Hussein n=
eeded to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996 accounting of its n=
uclear program.
The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtually=
identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, according to =
U.N. officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent nuclear kn=
ow-how from falling into the wrong hands and also to protect the names of c=
ompanies that wittingly or unwittingly supplied Iraq with the means to make=
nuclear weapons.
U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the only =
difference between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-page sectio=
n in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly larger typeface tha=
t stretches it to 2,100 pages.
That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and some of=
them have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up to the =
most exhaustive list so far of companies involved.
Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by more th=
an 30 German companies, 10 American companies, 11 British companies and a h=
andful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedish and Brazilian firms. It=
says more than 30 countries supplied its nuclear program.
It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War and=
contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment, detonatio=
n, implosion testing and warhead construction.
In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September 199=
0 - one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of recov=
ered uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a complicated =
extraction and purification method that at full scale requires thousands of=
connected, high speed centrifuges.
According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its for=
mer nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagnetic isotope s=
eparation as another method to enrich uranium, the key ingredient for an at=
omic explosion.
The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, said=
Gary Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-based thin=
k tank on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any components or any=
knowledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a matter of time."
Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq wou=
ld have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers who sol=
d it an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with their gover=
nment's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpose. According=
to the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furnaces, which could=
be used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came from Consarc Cor=
p. of Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never delivered, howev=
er.
Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of optical=
fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical equipmen=
t. But the company said it doesn't carry the model listed in the declaratio=
n.
EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier of a=
thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipment. It=
could not immediately verify the sale of the item.
Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors, but=
company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to support =
the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola's current portf=
olio."
Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge of g=
overnments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example, licensed=
$1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with potential milita=
ry uses. Iraq was then getting Western support for its war against Iran, wh=
ich at the time was regarded as the main threat to stability in the oil-ric=
h Gulf region.
But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often obtai=
ned supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about the products'=
intended use.
"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future to g=
o to companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman for t=
he U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a lot of i=
mportant information, the companies can often give inspectors insight into =
the real extent of Iraq's programs.
Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to sal=
es or were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longer exi=
st.
"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from gettin=
g involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really know th=
e true end-use of your products," said David Albright, an American nuclear =
expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.
According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German expe=
rts and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold the Iraqis old =
designs for centrifuges.
Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to render=
technical assistance and consultations in various activities," Iraq wrote =
in its nuclear declaration.
In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of violating =
export law and sentenced them to over two years in prison for working with =
Iraq.
German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's form=
er weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily Die =
Tag. The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Pr=
eussag sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons programs.
The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said the=
deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto parts fr=
om DaimlerChrysler.
Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous U.N=
. inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. But rec=
onnaissance photos released by the Bush administration in October indicate =
the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for nuclear developme=
nt. A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq may have nuclear weapons by=
2010.
Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importing al=
uminum tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bush administ=
ration said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuges for uranium en=
richment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes are of the proper=
size and material.
What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.
Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspicion=
s "that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspectors we=
re on the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declaration such a =
disappointment.
Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency=
, said last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 1996 re=
port and covers "material we already had before."
A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 1996 de=
claration and the 2002 version which was released last week by the United N=
ations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but not in substanc=
e.
Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports sin=
ce Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destruction sin=
ce the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have contradicted =
that claim.
---
EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson, inves=
tigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspondent Melissa Edd=
y contributed to this report.
------=_NextPart_001_0029_01C2A896.9B1E2500
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<DIV><STRONG>Hi Wally,</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Thanks for enlarging the text (extra big) to the scale equival=
ent
of trying to shout genuine dissent down - you can feel proud.<BR><BR>Do you=
really think that war is just about the function of killing? No, other syst=
ems
have to be put in place to create the right climate for physical action, an=
invasion of another culture. You must of realized that, that process starte=
d
before 9-11 surely. I think you do, I also think that you do not care
(personally) ...if you did, compassion would of won you over. There is some=
thing
that you are not being honest about.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>stopping people declaring their views will not create a better=
planet to live on, stopping killing people might do. You say it is simplist=
ic,
you are very wrong. It is obvious, not simplistic (wrong words); I am inter=
ested
in the governments of this shaky, muddy ball called earth, to do somet=
hing
honorable for a change. And stop funding despots that come back to haunt th=
em
and the civilians of this world (don't you?), now that is simplistic, basic=
in
fact, even stupid, sounds screwy to me, and to a lot other people as well.=
Contrary to what the American government & the Uk's are gover=
nment
shoving down everyone's throat.<BR><BR>It's soulless and you know
it...<BR></STRONG><BR><BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LE=
FT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>Hi Wally,</DIV>
<DIV>Are you glad that there is a war happening? </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4><EM><STRONG>A ludicrous qu=
estion,
all too typical of shallowness. The answer is NO, I am not glad about i=
t. In
any event, I am unaware that it is happening. When did it start? I just=
checked the news, and as far as I can make out, it is still in th=
e
"rattling sabres" stage. </STRONG></EM></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG></STRONG></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>Cuz death is what's going to happen, justify that...</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4><STRONG><EM>The matter was=
not
about justifying death. (And just for the record -- I am against capita=
l
punishment) The matter was your bloated and breathless propaganda. You =
might
get better results for your concerns if you asserted your case without=
resorting to National Inquirer tabloid tactics.</EM></STRONG></FONT></D=
IV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDE=
R-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">"An editing job for the ages..."&=
nbsp;
What a fantastic bit of bloated hyperbole -- makes for great National=
Inquirer tabloid propaganda.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">And, wow, a historian friend who=
breathlessly claims it will be published tomorrow -- but for tho=
se
who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP report of December 18 la=
st
which reports the issue as a known story line. </FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BOR=
DER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">=
<B>From:</B>
<A title=marc.garrett@furtherfield.org
href="mailto:marc.garrett@furtherfield.org">marc.garrett</A> </DI=
V>
<DIV><STRONG>An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided t=
he
Iraqis</STRONG><BR><BR>As a professional editor, I was particularly=
curious about the "editing" the administration was doing on the 12,=
000
page Iraqi report on their weapons of mass destruction. Rumors have=
been
swirling. The Americans claim, of course, that they were vetting th=
e
report for WMD-making instructions before passing it on to the roil=
ing
mass of non-veto nations in the Security Council. Others have sugge=
sted
that part of what was being excised was a record of the corporation=
s
that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities. </DIV>
<DIV>
<P>Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following me=
ssage
on to me: </P>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin=
daily), here is a list of US and European corporations that alleg=
edly
supplied Iraq with nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile
technology, prior to 1991. The list comes, it seems, from the ori=
ginal
Iraqi report to the Security Council. <BR><A
href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pi=
d=233">http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233</=
A></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><FONT
face="Times New Roman">
<H3>Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program</H3>
<P>By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
<P><BLOCK><!-- STRY: --><A
href="http://news.findlaw.com/ap_stories/images/12-17-2002/dv1031=
21711.html"></A> UNITED
NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, <STRONG>most in Europe</STRONG>=
, the
United States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Sadda=
m
Hussein needed to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996
accounting of its nuclear program.</P>
<P>The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtua=
lly
identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, accord=
ing
to U.N. officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent=
nuclear know-how from falling into the wrong hands and <STRONG>also=
to
protect the names of companies that wittingly or unwittingly suppli=
ed
Iraq</STRONG> with the means to make nuclear weapons.</P>
<P>U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the on=
ly
difference between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-pag=
e
section in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly large=
r
typeface that stretches it to 2,100 pages.</P>
<P>That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and some=
of
them have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up =
to
the most exhaustive list so far of companies involved.</P>
<P>Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by more=
than
<STRONG>30 German companies</STRONG>, 10 American companies, 11 Bri=
tish
companies and a handful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedis=
h and
Brazilian firms. It says more than 30 countries supplied its nuclea=
r
program.</P>
<P>It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War =
and
contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment,
detonation, implosion testing and warhead construction.</P>
<P>In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September =
1990
- one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of=
recovered uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a=
complicated extraction and purification method that at full scale=
requires thousands of connected, high speed centrifuges.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its=
former nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagneti=
c
isotope separation as another method to enrich uranium, the key
ingredient for an atomic explosion.</P>
<P>The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, s=
aid
Gary Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-bas=
ed
think tank on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any compo=
nents
or any knowledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a m=
atter
of time."</P>
<P>Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq =
would
have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers wh=
o
sold it an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with =
their
government's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpo=
se.
According to the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furn=
aces,
which could be used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, ca=
me
from Consarc Corp. of Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items wer=
e
never delivered, however.</P>
<P>Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of opti=
cal
fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical=
equipment. But the company said it doesn't carry the model listed i=
n the
declaration.</P>
<P>EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier o=
f a
thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipm=
ent.
It could not immediately verify the sale of the item.</P>
<P>Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors, =
but
company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to=
support the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola=
's
current portfolio."</P>
<P>Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge o=
f
governments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example,=
licensed $1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with=
potential military uses. Iraq was then getting Western support for =
its
war against Iran, which at the time was regarded as the main threat=
to
stability in the oil-rich Gulf region.</P>
<P>But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often
obtained supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about =
the
products' intended use.</P>
<P>"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future t=
o go
to companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman=
for
the U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a=
lot
of important information, the companies can often give inspectors=
insight into the real extent of Iraq's programs.</P>
<P>Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to =
sales
or were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longe=
r
exist.</P>
<P>"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from get=
ting
involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really k=
now
the true end-use of your products," said David Albright, an America=
n
nuclear expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German=
experts and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold=
the
Iraqis old designs for centrifuges.</P>
<P>Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to=
render technical assistance and consultations in various activities=
,"
Iraq wrote in its nuclear declaration.</P>
<P>In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of
violating export law and sentenced them to over two years in prison=
for
working with Iraq.</P>
<P>German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's f=
ormer
weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily=
Die
Tag. The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemen=
s and
Preussag sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons
programs.</P>
<P>The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said =
the
deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto p=
arts
from DaimlerChrysler.</P>
<P>Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous =
U.N.
inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. B=
ut
reconnaissance photos released by the Bush administration in Octobe=
r
indicate the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for=
nuclear development. A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq ma=
y
have nuclear weapons by 2010.</P>
<P>Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importing=
aluminum tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bus=
h
administration said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuge=
s for
uranium enrichment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes=
are
of the proper size and material.</P>
<P>What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.</=
P>
<P>Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspic=
ions
"that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspect=
ors
were on the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declarati=
on
such a disappointment.</P>
<P>Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Age=
ncy,
said last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 1=
996
report and covers "material we already had before."</P>
<P>A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 1996=
declaration and the 2002 version which was released last week by th=
e
United Nations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but=
not
in substance.</P>
<P>Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports =
since
Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destructio=
n
since the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have
contradicted that claim.</P>
<P>---</P>
<P>EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson,
investigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt corresponden=
t
Melissa Eddy contributed to this report.</P></FONT>
<P><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </P></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLO=
CKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>
------=_NextPart_001_0029_01C2A896.9B1E2500--
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
BlankHi Wally,
Thanks for enlarging the text (extra big) to the scale equivalent of trying=
to shout genuine dissent down - you can feel proud.
Do you really think that war is just about the function of killing? No, oth=
er systems have to be put in place to create the right climate for physical=
action, an invasion of another culture. You must of realized that, that pr=
ocess started before 9-11 surely. I think you do, I also think that you do =
not care (personally) ...if you did, compassion would of won you over. Ther=
e is something that you are not being honest about.
stopping people declaring their views will not create a better planet to li=
ve on, stopping killing people might do. You say it is simplistic, you are =
very wrong. It is obvious, not simplistic (wrong words); I am interested in=
the governments of this shaky, muddy ball called earth, to do something ho=
norable for a change. And stop funding despots that come back to haunt them=
and the civilians of this world (don't you?), now that is simplistic, basi=
c in fact, even stupid, sounds screwy to me, and to a lot other people as w=
ell. Contrary to what the American government & the Uk's are government sho=
ving down everyone's throat.
It's soulless and you know it...
Hi Wally,
Are you glad that there is a war happening?
A ludicrous question, all too typical of shallowness. The answer is NO,=
I am not glad about it. In any event, I am unaware that it is happening. W=
hen did it start? I just checked the news, and as far as I can make out, i=
t is still in the "rattling sabres" stage.
Cuz death is what's going to happen, justify that...
The matter was not about justifying death. (And just for the record -- =
I am against capital punishment) The matter was your bloated and breathless=
propaganda. You might get better results for your concerns if you asserted=
your case without resorting to National Inquirer tabloid tactics.
"An editing job for the ages..." What a fantastic bit of bloated hyp=
erbole -- makes for great National Inquirer tabloid propaganda.
And, wow, a historian friend who breathlessly claims it will be publi=
shed tomorrow -- but for those who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP repo=
rt of December 18 last which reports the issue as a known story line.
----- Original Message -----
From: marc.garrett
An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the Iraqis
As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the "edi=
ting" the administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their=
weapons of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans clai=
m, of course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instructions=
before passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Securi=
ty Council. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised was a=
record of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilit=
ies.
Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following messa=
ge on to me:
"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily), he=
re is a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Iraq w=
ith nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 1991. T=
he list comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security Cou=
ncil.
http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233
Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program
By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, most in Europe, the Uni=
ted States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Saddam Hussein n=
eeded to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996 accounting of its n=
uclear program.
The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtually=
identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, according to =
U.N. officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent nuclear kn=
ow-how from falling into the wrong hands and also to protect the names of c=
ompanies that wittingly or unwittingly supplied Iraq with the means to make=
nuclear weapons.
U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the only =
difference between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-page sectio=
n in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly larger typeface tha=
t stretches it to 2,100 pages.
That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and some of=
them have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up to the =
most exhaustive list so far of companies involved.
Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by more th=
an 30 German companies, 10 American companies, 11 British companies and a h=
andful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedish and Brazilian firms. It=
says more than 30 countries supplied its nuclear program.
It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War and=
contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment, detonatio=
n, implosion testing and warhead construction.
In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September 199=
0 - one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of recov=
ered uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a complicated =
extraction and purification method that at full scale requires thousands of=
connected, high speed centrifuges.
According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its for=
mer nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagnetic isotope s=
eparation as another method to enrich uranium, the key ingredient for an at=
omic explosion.
The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, said=
Gary Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-based thin=
k tank on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any components or any=
knowledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a matter of time."
Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq wou=
ld have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers who sol=
d it an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with their gover=
nment's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpose. According=
to the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furnaces, which could=
be used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came from Consarc Cor=
p. of Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never delivered, howev=
er.
Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of optical=
fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical equipmen=
t. But the company said it doesn't carry the model listed in the declaratio=
n.
EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier of a=
thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipment. It=
could not immediately verify the sale of the item.
Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors, but=
company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to support =
the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola's current portf=
olio."
Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge of g=
overnments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example, licensed=
$1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with potential milita=
ry uses. Iraq was then getting Western support for its war against Iran, wh=
ich at the time was regarded as the main threat to stability in the oil-ric=
h Gulf region.
But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often obtai=
ned supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about the products'=
intended use.
"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future to g=
o to companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman for t=
he U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a lot of i=
mportant information, the companies can often give inspectors insight into =
the real extent of Iraq's programs.
Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to sal=
es or were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longer exi=
st.
"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from gettin=
g involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really know th=
e true end-use of your products," said David Albright, an American nuclear =
expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.
According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German expe=
rts and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold the Iraqis old =
designs for centrifuges.
Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to render=
technical assistance and consultations in various activities," Iraq wrote =
in its nuclear declaration.
In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of violating =
export law and sentenced them to over two years in prison for working with =
Iraq.
German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's form=
er weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily Die =
Tag. The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Pr=
eussag sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons programs.
The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said the=
deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto parts fr=
om DaimlerChrysler.
Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous U.N=
. inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. But rec=
onnaissance photos released by the Bush administration in October indicate =
the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for nuclear developme=
nt. A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq may have nuclear weapons by=
2010.
Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importing al=
uminum tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bush administ=
ration said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuges for uranium en=
richment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes are of the proper=
size and material.
What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.
Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspicion=
s "that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspectors we=
re on the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declaration such a =
disappointment.
Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency=
, said last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 1996 re=
port and covers "material we already had before."
A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 1996 de=
claration and the 2002 version which was released last week by the United N=
ations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but not in substanc=
e.
Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports sin=
ce Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destruction sin=
ce the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have contradicted =
that claim.
---
EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson, inves=
tigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspondent Melissa Edd=
y contributed to this report.
------=_NextPart_001_0029_01C2A896.9B1E2500
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<DIV><STRONG>Hi Wally,</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Thanks for enlarging the text (extra big) to the scale equival=
ent
of trying to shout genuine dissent down - you can feel proud.<BR><BR>Do you=
really think that war is just about the function of killing? No, other syst=
ems
have to be put in place to create the right climate for physical action, an=
invasion of another culture. You must of realized that, that process starte=
d
before 9-11 surely. I think you do, I also think that you do not care
(personally) ...if you did, compassion would of won you over. There is some=
thing
that you are not being honest about.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>stopping people declaring their views will not create a better=
planet to live on, stopping killing people might do. You say it is simplist=
ic,
you are very wrong. It is obvious, not simplistic (wrong words); I am inter=
ested
in the governments of this shaky, muddy ball called earth, to do somet=
hing
honorable for a change. And stop funding despots that come back to haunt th=
em
and the civilians of this world (don't you?), now that is simplistic, basic=
in
fact, even stupid, sounds screwy to me, and to a lot other people as well.=
Contrary to what the American government & the Uk's are gover=
nment
shoving down everyone's throat.<BR><BR>It's soulless and you know
it...<BR></STRONG><BR><BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LE=
FT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>Hi Wally,</DIV>
<DIV>Are you glad that there is a war happening? </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4><EM><STRONG>A ludicrous qu=
estion,
all too typical of shallowness. The answer is NO, I am not glad about i=
t. In
any event, I am unaware that it is happening. When did it start? I just=
checked the news, and as far as I can make out, it is still in th=
e
"rattling sabres" stage. </STRONG></EM></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG></STRONG></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>Cuz death is what's going to happen, justify that...</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4><STRONG><EM>The matter was=
not
about justifying death. (And just for the record -- I am against capita=
l
punishment) The matter was your bloated and breathless propaganda. You =
might
get better results for your concerns if you asserted your case without=
resorting to National Inquirer tabloid tactics.</EM></STRONG></FONT></D=
IV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDE=
R-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">"An editing job for the ages..."&=
nbsp;
What a fantastic bit of bloated hyperbole -- makes for great National=
Inquirer tabloid propaganda.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">And, wow, a historian friend who=
breathlessly claims it will be published tomorrow -- but for tho=
se
who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP report of December 18 la=
st
which reports the issue as a known story line. </FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BOR=
DER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">=
<B>From:</B>
<A title=marc.garrett@furtherfield.org
href="mailto:marc.garrett@furtherfield.org">marc.garrett</A> </DI=
V>
<DIV><STRONG>An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided t=
he
Iraqis</STRONG><BR><BR>As a professional editor, I was particularly=
curious about the "editing" the administration was doing on the 12,=
000
page Iraqi report on their weapons of mass destruction. Rumors have=
been
swirling. The Americans claim, of course, that they were vetting th=
e
report for WMD-making instructions before passing it on to the roil=
ing
mass of non-veto nations in the Security Council. Others have sugge=
sted
that part of what was being excised was a record of the corporation=
s
that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities. </DIV>
<DIV>
<P>Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following me=
ssage
on to me: </P>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin=
daily), here is a list of US and European corporations that alleg=
edly
supplied Iraq with nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile
technology, prior to 1991. The list comes, it seems, from the ori=
ginal
Iraqi report to the Security Council. <BR><A
href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pi=
d=233">http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=233</=
A></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><FONT
face="Times New Roman">
<H3>Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program</H3>
<P>By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
<P><BLOCK><!-- STRY: --><A
href="http://news.findlaw.com/ap_stories/images/12-17-2002/dv1031=
21711.html"></A> UNITED
NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, <STRONG>most in Europe</STRONG>=
, the
United States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Sadda=
m
Hussein needed to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996
accounting of its nuclear program.</P>
<P>The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtua=
lly
identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, accord=
ing
to U.N. officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent=
nuclear know-how from falling into the wrong hands and <STRONG>also=
to
protect the names of companies that wittingly or unwittingly suppli=
ed
Iraq</STRONG> with the means to make nuclear weapons.</P>
<P>U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the on=
ly
difference between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-pag=
e
section in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly large=
r
typeface that stretches it to 2,100 pages.</P>
<P>That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and some=
of
them have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up =
to
the most exhaustive list so far of companies involved.</P>
<P>Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by more=
than
<STRONG>30 German companies</STRONG>, 10 American companies, 11 Bri=
tish
companies and a handful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedis=
h and
Brazilian firms. It says more than 30 countries supplied its nuclea=
r
program.</P>
<P>It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War =
and
contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment,
detonation, implosion testing and warhead construction.</P>
<P>In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September =
1990
- one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of=
recovered uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a=
complicated extraction and purification method that at full scale=
requires thousands of connected, high speed centrifuges.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its=
former nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagneti=
c
isotope separation as another method to enrich uranium, the key
ingredient for an atomic explosion.</P>
<P>The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, s=
aid
Gary Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-bas=
ed
think tank on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any compo=
nents
or any knowledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a m=
atter
of time."</P>
<P>Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq =
would
have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers wh=
o
sold it an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with =
their
government's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpo=
se.
According to the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furn=
aces,
which could be used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, ca=
me
from Consarc Corp. of Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items wer=
e
never delivered, however.</P>
<P>Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of opti=
cal
fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical=
equipment. But the company said it doesn't carry the model listed i=
n the
declaration.</P>
<P>EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier o=
f a
thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipm=
ent.
It could not immediately verify the sale of the item.</P>
<P>Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors, =
but
company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to=
support the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola=
's
current portfolio."</P>
<P>Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge o=
f
governments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example,=
licensed $1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with=
potential military uses. Iraq was then getting Western support for =
its
war against Iran, which at the time was regarded as the main threat=
to
stability in the oil-rich Gulf region.</P>
<P>But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often
obtained supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about =
the
products' intended use.</P>
<P>"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future t=
o go
to companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman=
for
the U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a=
lot
of important information, the companies can often give inspectors=
insight into the real extent of Iraq's programs.</P>
<P>Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to =
sales
or were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longe=
r
exist.</P>
<P>"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from get=
ting
involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really k=
now
the true end-use of your products," said David Albright, an America=
n
nuclear expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German=
experts and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold=
the
Iraqis old designs for centrifuges.</P>
<P>Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to=
render technical assistance and consultations in various activities=
,"
Iraq wrote in its nuclear declaration.</P>
<P>In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of
violating export law and sentenced them to over two years in prison=
for
working with Iraq.</P>
<P>German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's f=
ormer
weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily=
Die
Tag. The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemen=
s and
Preussag sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons
programs.</P>
<P>The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said =
the
deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto p=
arts
from DaimlerChrysler.</P>
<P>Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous =
U.N.
inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. B=
ut
reconnaissance photos released by the Bush administration in Octobe=
r
indicate the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for=
nuclear development. A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq ma=
y
have nuclear weapons by 2010.</P>
<P>Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importing=
aluminum tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bus=
h
administration said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuge=
s for
uranium enrichment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes=
are
of the proper size and material.</P>
<P>What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.</=
P>
<P>Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspic=
ions
"that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspect=
ors
were on the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declarati=
on
such a disappointment.</P>
<P>Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Age=
ncy,
said last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 1=
996
report and covers "material we already had before."</P>
<P>A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 1996=
declaration and the 2002 version which was released last week by th=
e
United Nations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but=
not
in substance.</P>
<P>Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports =
since
Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destructio=
n
since the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have
contradicted that claim.</P>
<P>---</P>
<P>EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson,
investigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt corresponden=
t
Melissa Eddy contributed to this report.</P></FONT>
<P><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </P></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLO=
CKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>
------=_NextPart_001_0029_01C2A896.9B1E2500--
Re: Re: An editing job for the ages
------=_NextPart_001_0010_01C2A89E.1FF738F0
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
BlankProve it - er Wally - it's happening before your very eyes. It is just=
that you do not wish to see...
end of transmission - bed time.
thanx for your responses, i will think about them.
marc
From: marc.garrett
Thanks for enlarging the text (extra big) to the scale equivalent of tr=
ying to shout genuine dissent down - you can feel proud.
So I see you enlarged your own. Get a clue -- I enlarged it just to di=
fferentiate my response from yours. It is a crock assumption to assert th=
at the motivation was to "shout genuine dissent down." You're still whining=
aren't you?
Do you really think that war is just about the function of killing?
Did I really think that? Get a grip. I made no such assertion. You feed=
on assumptions and presumptions -- and you're wrong for the most part. You=
are not a very good master of creating strawmen.
No, other systems have to be put in place to create the right climate f=
or physical action, an invasion of another culture. You must of realized th=
at, that process started before 9-11 surely. I think you do, I also think t=
hat you do not care (personally) ...if you did, compassion would of won you=
over. There is something that you are not being honest about.
Prove it -- or remove your peurile kangeroo kourt to a more appropoetic=
forum: listserv; fiction not facts.
stopping people declaring their views will not create a better planet t=
o live on, stopping killing people might do. You say it is simplistic,
I didn't say it at all. I described your initial missive as a breathles=
s bloated clone of National Inquirer tabloidism. But then again, National I=
nquiorer style is to make up assertions that have no basis in fact -- just =
as y ou are doing in this exchange.
you are very wrong. It is obvious, not simplistic (wrong words); I am i=
nterested in the governments of this shaky, muddy ball called earth, to do =
something honorable for a change. And stop funding despots that come back t=
o haunt them and the civilians of this world (don't you?), now that is simp=
listic, basic in fact, even stupid, sounds screwy to me, and to a lot other=
people as well. Contrary to what the American government & the Uk's are go=
vernment shoving down everyone's throat.
There's other government's also shoving shit down throats -- you might =
benefit by spreading your cause instead of the dime-a-dozen US-UK makes all=
other nations' governments bad. Get real.
It's soulless and you know it...
Much like your breathless bloated National Inquirer-like report.
Hi Wally,
Are you glad that there is a war happening?
A ludicrous question, all too typical of shallowness. The answer is=
NO, I am not glad about it. In any event, I am unaware that it is happenin=
g. When did it start? I just checked the news, and as far as I can make ou=
t, it is still in the "rattling sabres" stage.
Cuz death is what's going to happen, justify that...
The matter was not about justifying death. (And just for the record=
-- I am against capital punishment) The matter was your bloated and breath=
less propaganda. You might get better results for your concerns if you asse=
rted your case without resorting to National Inquirer tabloid tactics.
"An editing job for the ages..." What a fantastic bit of bloated=
hyperbole -- makes for great National Inquirer tabloid propaganda.
And, wow, a historian friend who breathlessly claims it will be p=
ublished tomorrow -- but for those who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP =
report of December 18 last which reports the issue as a known story line.=
----- Original Message -----
From: marc.garrett
An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the Iraqis
As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the =
"editing" the administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on t=
heir weapons of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans =
claim, of course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instruct=
ions before passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Se=
curity Council. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised w=
as a record of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capab=
ilities.
Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following m=
essage on to me:
"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily)=
, here is a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Ir=
aq with nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 199=
1. The list comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security=
Council.
http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid==
233
Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program
By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, most in Europe, the=
United States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Saddam Husse=
in needed to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996 accounting of i=
ts nuclear program.
The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtu=
ally identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, according=
to U.N. officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent nuclea=
r know-how from falling into the wrong hands and also to protect the names =
of companies that wittingly or unwittingly supplied Iraq with the means to =
make nuclear weapons.
U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the o=
nly difference between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-page se=
ction in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly larger typeface=
that stretches it to 2,100 pages.
That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and som=
e of them have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up to =
the most exhaustive list so far of companies involved.
Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by mor=
e than 30 German companies, 10 American companies, 11 British companies and=
a handful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedish and Brazilian firms=
. It says more than 30 countries supplied its nuclear program.
It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War=
and contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment, deton=
ation, implosion testing and warhead construction.
In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September=
1990 - one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of r=
ecovered uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a complica=
ted extraction and purification method that at full scale requires thousand=
s of connected, high speed centrifuges.
According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its=
former nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagnetic isoto=
pe separation as another method to enrich uranium, the key ingredient for a=
n atomic explosion.
The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, =
said Gary Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-based =
think tank on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any components or=
any knowledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a matter of t=
ime."
Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq=
would have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers who=
sold it an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with their g=
overnment's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpose. Accor=
ding to the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furnaces, which c=
ould be used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came from Consarc=
Corp. of Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never delivered, h=
owever.
Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of opt=
ical fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical equi=
pment. But the company said it doesn't carry the model listed in the declar=
ation.
EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier =
of a thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipment=
. It could not immediately verify the sale of the item.
Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors,=
but company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to supp=
ort the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola's current p=
ortfolio."
Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge =
of governments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example, lice=
nsed $1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with potential mi=
litary uses. Iraq was then getting Western support for its war against Iran=
, which at the time was regarded as the main threat to stability in the oil=
-rich Gulf region.
But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often o=
btained supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about the produ=
cts' intended use.
"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future =
to go to companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman f=
or the U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a lot =
of important information, the companies can often give inspectors insight i=
nto the real extent of Iraq's programs.
Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to=
sales or were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longer=
exist.
"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from ge=
tting involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really kno=
w the true end-use of your products," said David Albright, an American nucl=
ear expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.
According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German =
experts and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold the Iraqis =
old designs for centrifuges.
Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to re=
nder technical assistance and consultations in various activities," Iraq wr=
ote in its nuclear declaration.
In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of violat=
ing export law and sentenced them to over two years in prison for working w=
ith Iraq.
German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's =
former weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily =
Die Tag. The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens an=
d Preussag sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons programs.
The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said=
the deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto part=
s from DaimlerChrysler.
Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous=
U.N. inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. But=
reconnaissance photos released by the Bush administration in October indic=
ate the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for nuclear devel=
opment. A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq may have nuclear weapon=
s by 2010.
Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importin=
g aluminum tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bush admi=
nistration said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuges for uraniu=
m enrichment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes are of the pr=
oper size and material.
What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.
Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspi=
cions "that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspector=
s were on the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declaration suc=
h a disappointment.
Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Ag=
ency, said last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 199=
6 report and covers "material we already had before."
A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 199=
6 declaration and the 2002 version which was released last week by the Unit=
ed Nations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but not in subs=
tance.
Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports=
since Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destruction=
since the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have contradic=
ted that claim.
---
EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson, i=
nvestigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspondent Melissa=
Eddy contributed to this report.
------=_NextPart_001_0010_01C2A89E.1FF738F0
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<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">Prove it - er Wally - it's happening be=
fore
your very eyes. It is just that you do not wish to see...<BR><BR>end of
transmission - bed time.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">thanx for your responses, i will think =
about
them.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">marc</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LE=
FT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>From:</B> <A
title=marc.garrett@furtherfield.org
href="mailto:marc.garrett@furtherfield.org">marc.garrett</A> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Thanks for enlarging the text (extra big) to the scale
equivalent of trying to shout genuine dissent down - you can feel
proud.</STRONG></DIV><STRONG></STRONG></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">So I see you enlarged your own. Get=
a clue
-- I enlarged it just to differentiate my response from
yours. It is a crock assumption to assert that the
motivation was to "shout genuine dissent down." You're still whini=
ng
aren't you?</FONT><BR><STRONG></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Do you really think that war is just about the function of=
killing? </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">Did I really think that? Get a grip=
. I
made no such assertion. You feed on assumptions and presumptions -- and=
you're wrong for the most part. You are not a very good master of=
creating strawmen.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>No, other systems have to be put in place to create the ri=
ght
climate for physical action, an invasion of another culture. You must o=
f
realized that, that process started before 9-11 surely. I think you do,=
I
also think that you do not care (personally) ...if you did, compassion =
would
of won you over. There is something that you are not being honest
about.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">Prove it -- or remove your peurile=
kangeroo kourt to a more appropoetic forum: listserv; fiction not
facts.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>stopping people declaring their views will not create a be=
tter
planet to live on, stopping killing people might do. You say it is
simplistic, </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">I didn't say it at all. I described=
your
initial missive as a breathless bloated clone of National Inquirer
tabloidism. But then again, National Inquiorer style is to make up
assertions that have no basis in fact -- just as y ou are doing in this=
exchange.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>you are very wrong. It is obvious, not simplistic (wrong=
words); I am interested in the governments of this shaky, muddy ba=
ll
called earth, to do something honorable for a change. And stop funding=
despots that come back to haunt them and the civilians of this world (d=
on't
you?), now that is simplistic, basic in fact, even stupid, sounds screw=
y to
me, and to a lot other people as well. Contrary to what the Americ=
an
government & the Uk's are government shoving down everyon=
e's
throat.</STRONG></DIV><STRONG></STRONG></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">There's other government's also sho=
ving
shit down throats -- you might benefit by spreading your cause ins=
tead
of the dime-a-dozen US-UK makes all other nations' governments bad. Get=
real.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><BR>It's soulless and you know it...<BR></STRONG><BR><FONT=
face="Times New Roman">Much like your breathless bloated National
Inquirer-like report.</FONT><BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDE=
R-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BOR=
DER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>Hi Wally,</DIV>
<DIV>Are you glad that there is a war happening? </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4><EM><STRONG>A ludicrou=
s
question, all too typical of shallowness. The answer is NO, I am no=
t
glad about it. In any event, I am unaware that it is happening. Whe=
n did
it start? I just checked the news, and as far as I can make o=
ut,
it is still in the "rattling sabres" stage. </STRONG></EM></FONT></=
DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG></STRONG></FONT> <=
/DIV>
<DIV>Cuz death is what's going to happen, justify that...</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4><STRONG><EM>The matter=
was not
about justifying death. (And just for the record -- I am against ca=
pital
punishment) The matter was your bloated and breathless propaganda. =
You
might get better results for your concerns if you asserted your cas=
e
without resorting to National Inquirer tabloid
tactics.</EM></STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; B=
ORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">"An editing job for the
ages..." What a fantastic bit of bloated hyperbole -- makes=
for
great National Inquirer tabloid propaganda.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">And, wow, a historian friend =
who
breathlessly claims it will be published tomorrow -- but for=
those who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP report of Dece=
mber
18 last which reports the issue as a known story line. </FONT></D=
IV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px;=
BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </=
DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: bla=
ck"><B>From:</B>
<A title=marc.garrett@furtherfield.org
href="mailto:marc.garrett@furtherfield.org">marc.garrett</A> =
</DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>An editing job for the ages: corporations that aid=
ed
the Iraqis</STRONG><BR><BR>As a professional editor, I was
particularly curious about the "editing" the administration was=
doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their weapons of mass=
destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans claim, of=
course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making
instructions before passing it on to the roiling mass of non-ve=
to
nations in the Security Council. Others have suggested that par=
t of
what was being excised was a record of the corporations that on=
ce
aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities. </DIV>
<DIV>
<P>Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the followin=
g
message on to me: </P>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Ber=
lin
daily), here is a list of US and European corporations that=
allegedly supplied Iraq with nuclear, chemical, biological, a=
nd
missile technology, prior to 1991. The list comes, it seems, =
from
the original Iraqi report to the Security Council. <BR><A
href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtm=
l?pid=233">http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=2=
33</A></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><FONT
face="Times New Roman">
<H3>Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program</H3>
<P>By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
<P><BLOCK><!-- STRY: --><A
href="http://news.findlaw.com/ap_stories/images/12-17-2002/dv=
103121711.html"></A> UNITED
NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, <STRONG>most in Europe</STR=
ONG>,
the United States and Japan, provided the components and know-h=
ow
Saddam Hussein needed to build an atomic bomb, according to Ira=
q's
1996 accounting of its nuclear program.</P>
<P>The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is
virtually identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on =
Dec.
7, according to U.N. officials. The reports have not been made=
public to prevent nuclear know-how from falling into the wrong =
hands
and <STRONG>also to protect the names of companies that witting=
ly or
unwittingly supplied Iraq</STRONG> with the means to make nucle=
ar
weapons.</P>
<P>U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said th=
e
only difference between the two reports is that the latest has =
a
300-page section in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a=
slightly larger typeface that stretches it to 2,100 pages.</P>
<P>That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and =
some
of them have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting a=
dds
up to the most exhaustive list so far of companies involved.</P>
<P>Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by =
more
than <STRONG>30 German companies</STRONG>, 10 American companie=
s, 11
British companies and a handful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, Fr=
ench,
Swedish and Brazilian firms. It says more than 30 countries sup=
plied
its nuclear program.</P>
<P>It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf =
War
and contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrich=
ment,
detonation, implosion testing and warhead construction.</P>
<P>In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in Septem=
ber
1990 - one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the
enrichment of recovered uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges=
. The
process is a complicated extraction and purification method tha=
t at
full scale requires thousands of connected, high speed
centrifuges.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of =
its
former nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromag=
netic
isotope separation as another method to enrich uranium, the key=
ingredient for an atomic explosion.</P>
<P>The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapon=
s,
said Gary Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a
Washington-based think tank on nuclear arms control. "They were=
n't
missing any components or any knowledge," he said in a phone
interview. "It was simply a matter of time."</P>
<P>Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, I=
raq
would have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of
suppliers who sold it an impressive array of equipment and
expertise, often with their government's approval and without b=
eing
aware of the ultimate purpose. According to the Iraqi accountin=
g,
induction and electron beam furnaces, which could be used in sh=
aping
uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came from Consarc Corp. of
Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never delivered,=
however.</P>
<P>Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of=
optical fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications =
to
medical equipment. But the company said it doesn't carry the mo=
del
listed in the declaration.</P>
<P>EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a suppli=
er of
a thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging=
equipment. It could not immediately verify the sale of the item=
.</P>
<P>Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetecto=
rs,
but company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no rec=
ord
to support the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of=
Motorola's current portfolio."</P>
<P>Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowled=
ge of
governments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for exam=
ple,
licensed $1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology w=
ith
potential military uses. Iraq was then getting Western support =
for
its war against Iran, which at the time was regarded as the mai=
n
threat to stability in the oil-rich Gulf region.</P>
<P>But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq ofte=
n
obtained supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies ab=
out
the products' intended use.</P>
<P>"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the futu=
re to
go to companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan,
spokesman for the U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi
declaration provides a lot of important information, the compan=
ies
can often give inspectors insight into the real extent of Iraq'=
s
programs.</P>
<P>Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted=
to
sales or were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Severa=
l no
longer exist.</P>
<P>"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from=
getting involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you do=
n't
really know the true end-use of your products," said David Albr=
ight,
an American nuclear expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from Germ=
an
experts and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which =
sold
the Iraqis old designs for centrifuges.</P>
<P>Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upo=
n to
render technical assistance and consultations in various
activities," Iraq wrote in its nuclear declaration.</P>
<P>In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of=
violating export law and sentenced them to over two years in pr=
ison
for working with Iraq.</P>
<P>German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq=
's
former weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the G=
erman
daily Die Tag. The report also said companies such as
DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Preussag sold items to Iraq which =
were
diverted to the weapons programs.</P>
<P>The companies either declined to comment on the report, or s=
aid
the deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks o=
r
auto parts from DaimlerChrysler.</P>
<P>Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previ=
ous
U.N. inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much=
of
it. But reconnaissance photos released by the Bush administrati=
on in
October indicate the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previous=
ly
used for nuclear development. A recent U.S. intelligence report=
says
Iraq may have nuclear weapons by 2010.</P>
<P>Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was impor=
ting
aluminum tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The=
Bush
administration said the tubes could be used to construct centri=
fuges
for uranium enrichment. But nuclear experts differ on whether t=
he
tubes are of the proper size and material.</P>
<P>What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start
again.</P>
<P>Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running
suspicions "that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program eve=
n
while inspectors were on the ground in the '90s," is what makes=
the
latest declaration such a disappointment.</P>
<P>Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy=
Agency, said last week that the new submission amounts to a reh=
ash
of the 1996 report and covers "material we already had before."=
</P>
<P>A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the =
1996
declaration and the 2002 version which was released last week b=
y the
United Nations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation,=
but
not in substance.</P>
<P>Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old repo=
rts
since Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass=
destruction since the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything n=
ew
would have contradicted that claim.</P>
<P>---</P>
<P>EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson=
,
investigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspo=
ndent
Melissa Eddy contributed to this report.</P></FONT>
<P><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </P></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE=
></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>
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charset="Windows-1252"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
BlankProve it - er Wally - it's happening before your very eyes. It is just=
that you do not wish to see...
end of transmission - bed time.
thanx for your responses, i will think about them.
marc
From: marc.garrett
Thanks for enlarging the text (extra big) to the scale equivalent of tr=
ying to shout genuine dissent down - you can feel proud.
So I see you enlarged your own. Get a clue -- I enlarged it just to di=
fferentiate my response from yours. It is a crock assumption to assert th=
at the motivation was to "shout genuine dissent down." You're still whining=
aren't you?
Do you really think that war is just about the function of killing?
Did I really think that? Get a grip. I made no such assertion. You feed=
on assumptions and presumptions -- and you're wrong for the most part. You=
are not a very good master of creating strawmen.
No, other systems have to be put in place to create the right climate f=
or physical action, an invasion of another culture. You must of realized th=
at, that process started before 9-11 surely. I think you do, I also think t=
hat you do not care (personally) ...if you did, compassion would of won you=
over. There is something that you are not being honest about.
Prove it -- or remove your peurile kangeroo kourt to a more appropoetic=
forum: listserv; fiction not facts.
stopping people declaring their views will not create a better planet t=
o live on, stopping killing people might do. You say it is simplistic,
I didn't say it at all. I described your initial missive as a breathles=
s bloated clone of National Inquirer tabloidism. But then again, National I=
nquiorer style is to make up assertions that have no basis in fact -- just =
as y ou are doing in this exchange.
you are very wrong. It is obvious, not simplistic (wrong words); I am i=
nterested in the governments of this shaky, muddy ball called earth, to do =
something honorable for a change. And stop funding despots that come back t=
o haunt them and the civilians of this world (don't you?), now that is simp=
listic, basic in fact, even stupid, sounds screwy to me, and to a lot other=
people as well. Contrary to what the American government & the Uk's are go=
vernment shoving down everyone's throat.
There's other government's also shoving shit down throats -- you might =
benefit by spreading your cause instead of the dime-a-dozen US-UK makes all=
other nations' governments bad. Get real.
It's soulless and you know it...
Much like your breathless bloated National Inquirer-like report.
Hi Wally,
Are you glad that there is a war happening?
A ludicrous question, all too typical of shallowness. The answer is=
NO, I am not glad about it. In any event, I am unaware that it is happenin=
g. When did it start? I just checked the news, and as far as I can make ou=
t, it is still in the "rattling sabres" stage.
Cuz death is what's going to happen, justify that...
The matter was not about justifying death. (And just for the record=
-- I am against capital punishment) The matter was your bloated and breath=
less propaganda. You might get better results for your concerns if you asse=
rted your case without resorting to National Inquirer tabloid tactics.
"An editing job for the ages..." What a fantastic bit of bloated=
hyperbole -- makes for great National Inquirer tabloid propaganda.
And, wow, a historian friend who breathlessly claims it will be p=
ublished tomorrow -- but for those who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP =
report of December 18 last which reports the issue as a known story line.=
----- Original Message -----
From: marc.garrett
An editing job for the ages: corporations that aided the Iraqis
As a professional editor, I was particularly curious about the =
"editing" the administration was doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on t=
heir weapons of mass destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans =
claim, of course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making instruct=
ions before passing it on to the roiling mass of non-veto nations in the Se=
curity Council. Others have suggested that part of what was being excised w=
as a record of the corporations that once aided Iraq in achieving WMD capab=
ilities.
Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the following m=
essage on to me:
"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Berlin daily)=
, here is a list of US and European corporations that allegedly supplied Ir=
aq with nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile technology, prior to 199=
1. The list comes, it seems, from the original Iraqi report to the Security=
Council.
http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid==
233
Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program
By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, most in Europe, the=
United States and Japan, provided the components and know-how Saddam Husse=
in needed to build an atomic bomb, according to Iraq's 1996 accounting of i=
ts nuclear program.
The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is virtu=
ally identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on Dec. 7, according=
to U.N. officials. The reports have not been made public to prevent nuclea=
r know-how from falling into the wrong hands and also to protect the names =
of companies that wittingly or unwittingly supplied Iraq with the means to =
make nuclear weapons.
U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the o=
nly difference between the two reports is that the latest has a 300-page se=
ction in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a slightly larger typeface=
that stretches it to 2,100 pages.
That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and som=
e of them have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting adds up to =
the most exhaustive list so far of companies involved.
Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by mor=
e than 30 German companies, 10 American companies, 11 British companies and=
a handful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, French, Swedish and Brazilian firms=
. It says more than 30 countries supplied its nuclear program.
It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf War=
and contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrichment, deton=
ation, implosion testing and warhead construction.
In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in September=
1990 - one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the enrichment of r=
ecovered uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges. The process is a complica=
ted extraction and purification method that at full scale requires thousand=
s of connected, high speed centrifuges.
According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of its=
former nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromagnetic isoto=
pe separation as another method to enrich uranium, the key ingredient for a=
n atomic explosion.
The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapons, =
said Gary Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a Washington-based =
think tank on nuclear arms control. "They weren't missing any components or=
any knowledge," he said in a phone interview. "It was simply a matter of t=
ime."
Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq=
would have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of suppliers who=
sold it an impressive array of equipment and expertise, often with their g=
overnment's approval and without being aware of the ultimate purpose. Accor=
ding to the Iraqi accounting, induction and electron beam furnaces, which c=
ould be used in shaping uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came from Consarc=
Corp. of Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never delivered, h=
owever.
Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of opt=
ical fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications to medical equi=
pment. But the company said it doesn't carry the model listed in the declar=
ation.
EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a supplier =
of a thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging equipment=
. It could not immediately verify the sale of the item.
Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetectors,=
but company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no record to supp=
ort the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of Motorola's current p=
ortfolio."
Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowledge =
of governments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for example, lice=
nsed $1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology with potential mi=
litary uses. Iraq was then getting Western support for its war against Iran=
, which at the time was regarded as the main threat to stability in the oil=
-rich Gulf region.
But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq often o=
btained supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies about the produ=
cts' intended use.
"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the future =
to go to companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan, spokesman f=
or the U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi declaration provides a lot =
of important information, the companies can often give inspectors insight i=
nto the real extent of Iraq's programs.
Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted to=
sales or were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Several no longer=
exist.
"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from ge=
tting involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you don't really kno=
w the true end-use of your products," said David Albright, an American nucl=
ear expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.
According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from German =
experts and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which sold the Iraqis =
old designs for centrifuges.
Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upon to re=
nder technical assistance and consultations in various activities," Iraq wr=
ote in its nuclear declaration.
In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of violat=
ing export law and sentenced them to over two years in prison for working w=
ith Iraq.
German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq's =
former weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the German daily =
Die Tag. The report also said companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens an=
d Preussag sold items to Iraq which were diverted to the weapons programs.
The companies either declined to comment on the report, or said=
the deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks or auto part=
s from DaimlerChrysler.
Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previous=
U.N. inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much of it. But=
reconnaissance photos released by the Bush administration in October indic=
ate the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previously used for nuclear devel=
opment. A recent U.S. intelligence report says Iraq may have nuclear weapon=
s by 2010.
Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was importin=
g aluminum tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The Bush admi=
nistration said the tubes could be used to construct centrifuges for uraniu=
m enrichment. But nuclear experts differ on whether the tubes are of the pr=
oper size and material.
What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start again.
Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running suspi=
cions "that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program even while inspector=
s were on the ground in the '90s," is what makes the latest declaration suc=
h a disappointment.
Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy Ag=
ency, said last week that the new submission amounts to a rehash of the 199=
6 report and covers "material we already had before."
A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the 199=
6 declaration and the 2002 version which was released last week by the Unit=
ed Nations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation, but not in subs=
tance.
Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old reports=
since Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass destruction=
since the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything new would have contradic=
ted that claim.
---
EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson, i=
nvestigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspondent Melissa=
Eddy contributed to this report.
------=_NextPart_001_0010_01C2A89E.1FF738F0
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<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">Prove it - er Wally - it's happening be=
fore
your very eyes. It is just that you do not wish to see...<BR><BR>end of
transmission - bed time.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">thanx for your responses, i will think =
about
them.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">marc</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LE=
FT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>From:</B> <A
title=marc.garrett@furtherfield.org
href="mailto:marc.garrett@furtherfield.org">marc.garrett</A> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Thanks for enlarging the text (extra big) to the scale
equivalent of trying to shout genuine dissent down - you can feel
proud.</STRONG></DIV><STRONG></STRONG></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">So I see you enlarged your own. Get=
a clue
-- I enlarged it just to differentiate my response from
yours. It is a crock assumption to assert that the
motivation was to "shout genuine dissent down." You're still whini=
ng
aren't you?</FONT><BR><STRONG></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Do you really think that war is just about the function of=
killing? </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">Did I really think that? Get a grip=
. I
made no such assertion. You feed on assumptions and presumptions -- and=
you're wrong for the most part. You are not a very good master of=
creating strawmen.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>No, other systems have to be put in place to create the ri=
ght
climate for physical action, an invasion of another culture. You must o=
f
realized that, that process started before 9-11 surely. I think you do,=
I
also think that you do not care (personally) ...if you did, compassion =
would
of won you over. There is something that you are not being honest
about.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">Prove it -- or remove your peurile=
kangeroo kourt to a more appropoetic forum: listserv; fiction not
facts.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>stopping people declaring their views will not create a be=
tter
planet to live on, stopping killing people might do. You say it is
simplistic, </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">I didn't say it at all. I described=
your
initial missive as a breathless bloated clone of National Inquirer
tabloidism. But then again, National Inquiorer style is to make up
assertions that have no basis in fact -- just as y ou are doing in this=
exchange.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>you are very wrong. It is obvious, not simplistic (wrong=
words); I am interested in the governments of this shaky, muddy ba=
ll
called earth, to do something honorable for a change. And stop funding=
despots that come back to haunt them and the civilians of this world (d=
on't
you?), now that is simplistic, basic in fact, even stupid, sounds screw=
y to
me, and to a lot other people as well. Contrary to what the Americ=
an
government & the Uk's are government shoving down everyon=
e's
throat.</STRONG></DIV><STRONG></STRONG></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-=
LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">There's other government's also sho=
ving
shit down throats -- you might benefit by spreading your cause ins=
tead
of the dime-a-dozen US-UK makes all other nations' governments bad. Get=
real.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><BR>It's soulless and you know it...<BR></STRONG><BR><FONT=
face="Times New Roman">Much like your breathless bloated National
Inquirer-like report.</FONT><BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDE=
R-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BOR=
DER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>Hi Wally,</DIV>
<DIV>Are you glad that there is a war happening? </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4><EM><STRONG>A ludicrou=
s
question, all too typical of shallowness. The answer is NO, I am no=
t
glad about it. In any event, I am unaware that it is happening. Whe=
n did
it start? I just checked the news, and as far as I can make o=
ut,
it is still in the "rattling sabres" stage. </STRONG></EM></FONT></=
DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG></STRONG></FONT> <=
/DIV>
<DIV>Cuz death is what's going to happen, justify that...</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4><STRONG><EM>The matter=
was not
about justifying death. (And just for the record -- I am against ca=
pital
punishment) The matter was your bloated and breathless propaganda. =
You
might get better results for your concerns if you asserted your cas=
e
without resorting to National Inquirer tabloid
tactics.</EM></STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; B=
ORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">"An editing job for the
ages..." What a fantastic bit of bloated hyperbole -- makes=
for
great National Inquirer tabloid propaganda.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman">And, wow, a historian friend =
who
breathlessly claims it will be published tomorrow -- but for=
those who can hardly wait, I reproduce an AP report of Dece=
mber
18 last which reports the issue as a known story line. </FONT></D=
IV>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px;=
BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </=
DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: bla=
ck"><B>From:</B>
<A title=marc.garrett@furtherfield.org
href="mailto:marc.garrett@furtherfield.org">marc.garrett</A> =
</DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>An editing job for the ages: corporations that aid=
ed
the Iraqis</STRONG><BR><BR>As a professional editor, I was
particularly curious about the "editing" the administration was=
doing on the 12,000 page Iraqi report on their weapons of mass=
destruction. Rumors have been swirling. The Americans claim, of=
course, that they were vetting the report for WMD-making
instructions before passing it on to the roiling mass of non-ve=
to
nations in the Security Council. Others have suggested that par=
t of
what was being excised was a record of the corporations that on=
ce
aided Iraq in achieving WMD capabilities. </DIV>
<DIV>
<P>Now, a historian friend whom I trust has passed the followin=
g
message on to me: </P>
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"To be reported in tomorrow's Die Tageszeitung (Ber=
lin
daily), here is a list of US and European corporations that=
allegedly supplied Iraq with nuclear, chemical, biological, a=
nd
missile technology, prior to 1991. The list comes, it seems, =
from
the original Iraqi report to the Security Council. <BR><A
href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtm=
l?pid=233">http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=2=
33</A></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><FONT
face="Times New Roman">
<H3>Iraq Used Many Suppliers for Nuke Program</H3>
<P>By DAFNA LINZER Associated Press Writer
<P><BLOCK><!-- STRY: --><A
href="http://news.findlaw.com/ap_stories/images/12-17-2002/dv=
103121711.html"></A> UNITED
NATIONS (AP) - Dozens of suppliers, <STRONG>most in Europe</STR=
ONG>,
the United States and Japan, provided the components and know-h=
ow
Saddam Hussein needed to build an atomic bomb, according to Ira=
q's
1996 accounting of its nuclear program.</P>
<P>The secret declaration, shown to The Associated Press, is
virtually identical to the one submitted to U.N. inspectors on =
Dec.
7, according to U.N. officials. The reports have not been made=
public to prevent nuclear know-how from falling into the wrong =
hands
and <STRONG>also to protect the names of companies that witting=
ly or
unwittingly supplied Iraq</STRONG> with the means to make nucle=
ar
weapons.</P>
<P>U.N. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said th=
e
only difference between the two reports is that the latest has =
a
300-page section in Arabic on civilian nuclear programs and a=
slightly larger typeface that stretches it to 2,100 pages.</P>
<P>That foreign companies helped Iraq has long been known, and =
some
of them have been identified before, but the Iraqi accounting a=
dds
up to the most exhaustive list so far of companies involved.</P>
<P>Iraq's report says the equipment was either sold or made by =
more
than <STRONG>30 German companies</STRONG>, 10 American companie=
s, 11
British companies and a handful of Swiss, Japanese, Italian, Fr=
ench,
Swedish and Brazilian firms. It says more than 30 countries sup=
plied
its nuclear program.</P>
<P>It details nuclear efforts from the early 1980s to the Gulf =
War
and contains diagrams, plans and test results in uranium enrich=
ment,
detonation, implosion testing and warhead construction.</P>
<P>In one chapter, Iraq admits to having a pilot plan in Septem=
ber
1990 - one month after it invaded Kuwait - to increase the
enrichment of recovered uranium to 93 percent using centrifuges=
. The
process is a complicated extraction and purification method tha=
t at
full scale requires thousands of connected, high speed
centrifuges.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's report, the most detailed accounting of =
its
former nuclear weapons program, it was also pursuing electromag=
netic
isotope separation as another method to enrich uranium, the key=
ingredient for an atomic explosion.</P>
<P>The Iraqis had everything they needed to make nuclear weapon=
s,
said Gary Milhollin, director of the Wisconsin Project, a
Washington-based think tank on nuclear arms control. "They were=
n't
missing any components or any knowledge," he said in a phone
interview. "It was simply a matter of time."</P>
<P>Milhollin said that had it not been for the 1991 Gulf War, I=
raq
would have had nuclear weapons by now, thanks to hundreds of
suppliers who sold it an impressive array of equipment and
expertise, often with their government's approval and without b=
eing
aware of the ultimate purpose. According to the Iraqi accountin=
g,
induction and electron beam furnaces, which could be used in sh=
aping
uranium parts for an atomic bomb, came from Consarc Corp. of
Rancocas, N.J. The company says the items were never delivered,=
however.</P>
<P>Newport Corp. of Irvine, Calif., is listed as a supplier of=
optical fiber, a product with uses ranging from communications =
to
medical equipment. But the company said it doesn't carry the mo=
del
listed in the declaration.</P>
<P>EEV Inc., based outside New York City, is listed as a suppli=
er of
a thyratron, which the company says is used in medical imaging=
equipment. It could not immediately verify the sale of the item=
.</P>
<P>Motorola Inc., was listed as the seller of fast photodetecto=
rs,
but company spokeswoman Jennifer Weyrauch said she found no rec=
ord
to support the claim. "A photodetector product is not part of=
Motorola's current portfolio."</P>
<P>Most of the sales were legal and often made with the knowled=
ge of
governments. In 1985-90, the U.S. Commerce Department, for exam=
ple,
licensed $1.5 billion in sales to Iraq of American technology w=
ith
potential military uses. Iraq was then getting Western support =
for
its war against Iran, which at the time was regarded as the mai=
n
threat to stability in the oil-rich Gulf region.</P>
<P>But inspectors have discovered over the years that Iraq ofte=
n
obtained supplies through middlemen or by lying to companies ab=
out
the products' intended use.</P>
<P>"It was useful in the past and it will be useful in the futu=
re to
go to companies and ask them questions," said Ewen Buchanan,
spokesman for the U.N. weapons inspectors. While the Iraqi
declaration provides a lot of important information, the compan=
ies
can often give inspectors insight into the real extent of Iraq'=
s
programs.</P>
<P>Since the Gulf War, dozens of companies have either admitted=
to
sales or were prosecuted in Europe for helping arm Iraq. Severa=
l no
longer exist.</P>
<P>"Revealing company names can discourage other companies from=
getting involved in deals with countries like Iraq where you do=
n't
really know the true end-use of your products," said David Albr=
ight,
an American nuclear expert and a weapons inspector in 1996.</P>
<P>According to Iraq's accounting, the real help came from Germ=
an
experts and companies, in particular H&H Metallform, which =
sold
the Iraqis old designs for centrifuges.</P>
<P>Cooperation with H&H "was fruitful and it was called upo=
n to
render technical assistance and consultations in various
activities," Iraq wrote in its nuclear declaration.</P>
<P>In 1993, German courts found two H&H employees guilty of=
violating export law and sentenced them to over two years in pr=
ison
for working with Iraq.</P>
<P>German companies allegedly involved in other aspects of Iraq=
's
former weapons programs were named in a report Tuesday in the G=
erman
daily Die Tag. The report also said companies such as
DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Preussag sold items to Iraq which =
were
diverted to the weapons programs.</P>
<P>The companies either declined to comment on the report, or s=
aid
the deliveries had nothing to do with weapons, such as trucks o=
r
auto parts from DaimlerChrysler.</P>
<P>Some of Iraq's nuclear materials were destroyed during previ=
ous
U.N. inspections, and Iraq is now banned from repurchasing much=
of
it. But reconnaissance photos released by the Bush administrati=
on in
October indicate the Iraqis have been rebuilding sites previous=
ly
used for nuclear development. A recent U.S. intelligence report=
says
Iraq may have nuclear weapons by 2010.</P>
<P>Iraq acknowledged to inspectors last month that it was impor=
ting
aluminum tubes which it said were for conventional weapons. The=
Bush
administration said the tubes could be used to construct centri=
fuges
for uranium enrichment. But nuclear experts differ on whether t=
he
tubes are of the proper size and material.</P>
<P>What Iraq still has, however, is the expertise to start
again.</P>
<P>Albright said the new evidence, coupled with long-running
suspicions "that Iraq continued its nuclear weapons program eve=
n
while inspectors were on the ground in the '90s," is what makes=
the
latest declaration such a disappointment.</P>
<P>Mohammed ElBaradei, chief of the International Atomic Energy=
Agency, said last week that the new submission amounts to a reh=
ash
of the 1996 report and covers "material we already had before."=
</P>
<P>A line-by-line comparison of the table of contents from the =
1996
declaration and the 2002 version which was released last week b=
y the
United Nations finds subtle differences, mainly in translation,=
but
not in substance.</P>
<P>Inspectors were not surprised that Iraq resubmitted old repo=
rts
since Baghdad claims it hasn't been working on weapons of mass=
destruction since the 1991 Gulf War. A submission of anything n=
ew
would have contradicted that claim.</P>
<P>---</P>
<P>EDITOR'S NOTE: Associated Press National Writer Matt Crenson=
,
investigative researcher Randy Herschaft and Frankfurt correspo=
ndent
Melissa Eddy contributed to this report.</P></FONT>
<P><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </P></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE=
></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>
------=_NextPart_001_0010_01C2A89E.1FF738F0--